Historical Geographies of Tourism: Moments, Monuments and Methods
Background and Aims:
Historical geography is a lacuna in tourism research. This is remarkable given that tourism scholarship very often employs reflexivity, and backward glances toward historical factors that have helped shape the trajectory of destinations and host communities. As Van Sant et al (2020, p. 169) implore, ‘geography is always a product of history’. Müller (2019, p. 7) argues that ‘tourism geographies with its roots in the early twentieth century, is today an established field of research’, and tourism geographers now examine a wide range of knowledge beyond the spatial emphasis that typified the emergent stage of the discipline. Indeed, as Timothy (2011, p. 172) has pointed out, ‘from the earliest times to the modern day, humans have influenced the natural landscape and created unique cultural footprints on the earth through their travels’. The historical geography turn is a critical, yet often overlooked framework for tourism landscapes. This special issue is undergirded by Van Sant et al’s advocacy for the relevance of historical geographies, positing that historical analysis can serve as an effective vehicle for explaining present-day problems. Aligned with this is the need for a more recognisable historiography of tourism. In other words, a body of literature that employs and engages with historical geographies in tourism studies as opposed to a history of tourism. This special issue directly addresses these conceptual themes. |
We pay respect to the Elders, ancestors, and communities of the lands and waters that we live on.
“Uluṟu during the climb”. Keir Reeves, Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa UNESCO World Heritage Site, 2016. |
While the intersections between geography and history may seem obvious, the association between historical geographies and tourism geographies is less pronounced and rarely articulated in extant scholarship. This is despite much scholarly research in tourism drawing from the historical record, including entreaties into dark tourism, heritage tourism, cultural tourism, battlefield tourism, post-conflict tourism, destination development, sustainable tourism, politics of tourism, longitudinal postcolonial legacies and tourism, diaspora and roots tourism and mobilities, among a plethora of other foci.
Key theoretical works about sites of memory and critical memory studies offer deeper understandings of the role that historical sites have in tourism. For example, they help us to better understand the contemporary presentation of war-related historical tourism sites, emphasizing contested and violent heritage locations.The past is regularly mobilised in terms of national identity, particularly war and battlefields tourism or national foundation narratives. It is often explained in terms of historical significance and history making practices. But does really understanding people, place, and environment involve deeper longitudinal understandings of place?
Historical readings of tourism destinations offer innovative methodologies for better understanding sites. These include entreaties into cultural memory, memory studies, oral histories, historical cultural landscape analysis, GIS, digital histories as well as closer analysis of archival records and cadastral data. This special issue welcomes responses to how these methodological approaches have informed and provided new ways to understand and interpret tourism landscapes.
The special issue is also interested in submissions deploying post-colonial historical methodological lenses, where for example, in Indigenous or First Nations contexts, they are used to bring traditional owner views on the relationship with land and country, along with the role of tourism and site management strategies to the forefront (Walter 2023). Traditional country or native and sovereign land is often situated in historically contested and/or environmental and climate change impacted borderlands. Some examples include the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa desert region of Central Australia or the small island countries of the Caribbean that are often impacted by the ‘coloniality of climate’ (Falah, 2022; Sheller 2021; Więckowski 2023).
Pierre Nora’s articulation of the concept lieux de memoire (sites of memory) and Lowenthal’s The Past is a Foreign Country are influential departure points (Nora, 1989; Lowenthal, 1985). Yet, each was arguably nostalgic in their understanding of how the past is represented in the present day. For example, this is evident in the commemoration of heritage sites and in light of the diminution of memoire di milieu (places or sites of actual memory) that are increasingly forgotten and replaced by lieux de memoire. This raises the question - what is the role of heritage tourism in this process? Sites of memory are increasingly significant in historical studies, particularly regarding commemoration. Accordingly, in seeking greater specificity about the meaning of historical tourism geographies, this special issue addresses a notable gap in the literature. It asks: how do historical geography approaches frame the way tourism geographies scholars engage with the past in terms of history, heritage, and cultural memory?
Often heritage tourism sites provide a visceral connection to the past in the present day but can also point towards an awkward relationship between tourism, cultural, geographical, political, heritage, and historical priorities (Smith, 2006). From a cultural perspective, we may consider how the tourism history of a place like Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa, a UNESCO world heritage listed cultural landscape and iconic tourism destination in central Australia, explains how it became a tourist destination that changed flight patterns to a previously neglected area of the Australian Outback.
Key theoretical works about sites of memory and critical memory studies offer deeper understandings of the role that historical sites have in tourism. For example, they help us to better understand the contemporary presentation of war-related historical tourism sites, emphasizing contested and violent heritage locations.The past is regularly mobilised in terms of national identity, particularly war and battlefields tourism or national foundation narratives. It is often explained in terms of historical significance and history making practices. But does really understanding people, place, and environment involve deeper longitudinal understandings of place?
Historical readings of tourism destinations offer innovative methodologies for better understanding sites. These include entreaties into cultural memory, memory studies, oral histories, historical cultural landscape analysis, GIS, digital histories as well as closer analysis of archival records and cadastral data. This special issue welcomes responses to how these methodological approaches have informed and provided new ways to understand and interpret tourism landscapes.
The special issue is also interested in submissions deploying post-colonial historical methodological lenses, where for example, in Indigenous or First Nations contexts, they are used to bring traditional owner views on the relationship with land and country, along with the role of tourism and site management strategies to the forefront (Walter 2023). Traditional country or native and sovereign land is often situated in historically contested and/or environmental and climate change impacted borderlands. Some examples include the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa desert region of Central Australia or the small island countries of the Caribbean that are often impacted by the ‘coloniality of climate’ (Falah, 2022; Sheller 2021; Więckowski 2023).
Pierre Nora’s articulation of the concept lieux de memoire (sites of memory) and Lowenthal’s The Past is a Foreign Country are influential departure points (Nora, 1989; Lowenthal, 1985). Yet, each was arguably nostalgic in their understanding of how the past is represented in the present day. For example, this is evident in the commemoration of heritage sites and in light of the diminution of memoire di milieu (places or sites of actual memory) that are increasingly forgotten and replaced by lieux de memoire. This raises the question - what is the role of heritage tourism in this process? Sites of memory are increasingly significant in historical studies, particularly regarding commemoration. Accordingly, in seeking greater specificity about the meaning of historical tourism geographies, this special issue addresses a notable gap in the literature. It asks: how do historical geography approaches frame the way tourism geographies scholars engage with the past in terms of history, heritage, and cultural memory?
Often heritage tourism sites provide a visceral connection to the past in the present day but can also point towards an awkward relationship between tourism, cultural, geographical, political, heritage, and historical priorities (Smith, 2006). From a cultural perspective, we may consider how the tourism history of a place like Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa, a UNESCO world heritage listed cultural landscape and iconic tourism destination in central Australia, explains how it became a tourist destination that changed flight patterns to a previously neglected area of the Australian Outback.
The use of historical data and its integration into methodological considerations in tourism research is scant. Instead, the popular compulsion is to collect primary data, employing classic fieldwork instruments, including surveys and interviews. Accordingly, while history and cultural geography evidently inform much of tourism research, there is very little that can be said about how tourism researchers deliberately use and evaluate historical data.
This special issue asks, how do historical geographies methodologies and perspectives complement tourism geographies? This is especially apparent in how the past is used (or misused) and interpreted to inform current research discussions in tourism studies (Baker 2003; Hawkins 2019; Quilley 2014). Often technical, economic, and political data is used to describe tourism development trajectories but not historical records. What is the role of the evidentiary records, and what do the historical documents tell us about tourism and key destinations? From policy reports to public memories and institutional records of tourism organisations and institutions, there are numerous methodological lines of inquiry into how the past informs the present. What do these records reveal about the development of tourism of each respective site? More broadly how do these approaches and their applicability to tourism sites assist in defining historical tourism studies? This special issue aims to address these issues by examining various constituent ways that historical geographies intersect with tourism research. Tourism development, for example, is a classic case in point. |
Key themes this special issue aims to address include:
The overarching question this special issue asks can be described as follows: What is the conceptual relationship between history, geography, and tourism research? While in broad terms they are interrelated, these connections tend to be assumed, and accepted but rarely critically examined or fully understood in tourism scholarship. Additional themes this special issue pursues include:
Submissions are sought from emerging and established researchers from across disciplines and fields of study, including history, geography, cultural heritage, Indigenous studies, development studies, postcolonial studies, anthropology, and sociology, among others, and cross and interdisciplinary endeavours are actively encouraged. |
Key questions that inform this special issue include but are not limited to the following:
The special issue will cover but is not limited to the following related topics.
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Author Instructions
Email abstracts to [email protected] AND quoting “Historical Geographies of Tourism: Moments, Monuments and Methods” in the subject field.
Authors must adhere strictly to Tourism Geographies author guidelines and publication criteria – see https://www.tgjournal.com/notes-for-authors.html.
Abstract Guidelines
Full articles must be between 6000 and 7500 words (including tables, references, and captions). All papers will undergo a double-blind review process. Questions about the Special Issue may be addressed to Keir Reeves [email protected]
Email abstracts to [email protected] AND quoting “Historical Geographies of Tourism: Moments, Monuments and Methods” in the subject field.
Authors must adhere strictly to Tourism Geographies author guidelines and publication criteria – see https://www.tgjournal.com/notes-for-authors.html.
Abstract Guidelines
- Contributions must align with the aims and scope of Tourism Geographies.
- Authors must familiarise themselves with author guidelines, especially publication criteria (See https://www.tgjournal.com/notes-for-authors.html)
- Extended abstracts for this Call should be prepared in accordance with the guidelines below:
- Abstract length of 800 words (maximum) adhering to the following: Introduction, Literature Review & Theory, Research Methods, Findings, Discussion & Conclusion (References are excluded from word count).
- Up to 5 appropriate keywords should be included.
- Full author affiliations and email address of corresponding author required.
- References and in-text citations must adhere strictly to the American Psychological Association's 7th edition referencing style.
Full articles must be between 6000 and 7500 words (including tables, references, and captions). All papers will undergo a double-blind review process. Questions about the Special Issue may be addressed to Keir Reeves [email protected]
Special Issue Timeline:
Please note that these are estimated dates only and may vary due to unforeseen delays.
This special issue emerges from the Australian Research Council funded “Incentivising On-Country Aboriginal Employment: Anangu Futures” (Grant number: LP190100367). Additional papers will be selected subject to suitability to the specific needs of this special issue and in alignment with the aims and scope of the journal. Please note that these are estimated dates only and may vary due to unforeseen delays.
Please note that these are estimated dates only and may vary due to unforeseen delays.
- August 1, 2023 - Call for Papers sent out.
- November 1, 2023 – Abstracts of approximately 500 words submitted via email ([email protected]) to guest editors.
- December 1, 2023 – Full papers invited based on review of submitted abstracts.
- May 30, 2024 – Manuscripts submitted via email ([email protected]) to guest editors for preliminary review.
- July 30, 2024 – Manuscripts submitted for peer review through the Tourism Geographies Scholars One portal (see journal instructions for authors: https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?show=instructions&journalCode=rtxg20)
- December 30 2024 – Online publication of manuscripts as they are accepted.
- May 31 2025 – Special issue completed in full and published (in print).
This special issue emerges from the Australian Research Council funded “Incentivising On-Country Aboriginal Employment: Anangu Futures” (Grant number: LP190100367). Additional papers will be selected subject to suitability to the specific needs of this special issue and in alignment with the aims and scope of the journal. Please note that these are estimated dates only and may vary due to unforeseen delays.
Guest Editorial Team:
Keir Reeves is a Professor of History and Heritage and co-director of the Future Regions Research Centre at Federation University Australia with current research interests in and heritage tourism, regional studies and historical studies. His research works at the intersection of heritage, cultural tourism, regional studies and history. His previous principal teaching and research positions were at the University of Melbourne and Monash University. He has also held visiting research fellowships at King’s College London, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and Clare Hall Cambridge, Utrecht University and Wakayama University.
Barry Judd is a Professor of Indigenous Studies at the University of Melbourne, Australia where he is Pro Vice-Chancellor (Indigenous) and Director of the Indigenous Studies Program in the School of Culture and Communication. He is a descendent of the Pitjantjatjara people of north-west South Australia, British immigrants and Afghan cameleers. Barry is currently leading the Australian Research Council funded “Incentivising On-Country Aboriginal Employment: Anangu Futures” Linkage project.
Joseph M. Cheer is a Professor of Sustainable Tourism & Heritage at Western Sydney University, Australia. Joseph is Co-Chair of the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council on the Future of Sustainable Tourism. He is a Co Editor-in-Chief of Tourism Geographies and a board member: International Geographical Union (IGU) Commission on Tourism and Leisure and Global Change; Critical Tourism Studies - Asia Pacific (CTSAP); Association of American Geographers Recreation, Tourism & Sport Group (AAG-RTG). Joseph’s research draws from transdisciplinary perspectives especially human geography, cultural anthropology and political economy, especially in the Asia-Pacific region.
About Tourism Geographies:
Tourism Geographies is a peer-reviewed journal which explores tourism and tourism-related areas of recreation and leisure studies from a geographic perspective. This journal brings together academic and applied research and regional traditions from around the world, including multi-disciplinary approaches from geography and related fields such as anthropology and other social sciences, landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, and environmental science and management (See https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rtxg20). The 2022 Scopus Cite Score for the journal is 22, ranking it second in both Geography, Planning and Development, and in Tourism Leisure and Hospitality Management, respectively.
Keir Reeves is a Professor of History and Heritage and co-director of the Future Regions Research Centre at Federation University Australia with current research interests in and heritage tourism, regional studies and historical studies. His research works at the intersection of heritage, cultural tourism, regional studies and history. His previous principal teaching and research positions were at the University of Melbourne and Monash University. He has also held visiting research fellowships at King’s College London, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and Clare Hall Cambridge, Utrecht University and Wakayama University.
Barry Judd is a Professor of Indigenous Studies at the University of Melbourne, Australia where he is Pro Vice-Chancellor (Indigenous) and Director of the Indigenous Studies Program in the School of Culture and Communication. He is a descendent of the Pitjantjatjara people of north-west South Australia, British immigrants and Afghan cameleers. Barry is currently leading the Australian Research Council funded “Incentivising On-Country Aboriginal Employment: Anangu Futures” Linkage project.
Joseph M. Cheer is a Professor of Sustainable Tourism & Heritage at Western Sydney University, Australia. Joseph is Co-Chair of the World Economic Forum’s Global Future Council on the Future of Sustainable Tourism. He is a Co Editor-in-Chief of Tourism Geographies and a board member: International Geographical Union (IGU) Commission on Tourism and Leisure and Global Change; Critical Tourism Studies - Asia Pacific (CTSAP); Association of American Geographers Recreation, Tourism & Sport Group (AAG-RTG). Joseph’s research draws from transdisciplinary perspectives especially human geography, cultural anthropology and political economy, especially in the Asia-Pacific region.
About Tourism Geographies:
Tourism Geographies is a peer-reviewed journal which explores tourism and tourism-related areas of recreation and leisure studies from a geographic perspective. This journal brings together academic and applied research and regional traditions from around the world, including multi-disciplinary approaches from geography and related fields such as anthropology and other social sciences, landscape architecture, urban and regional planning, and environmental science and management (See https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rtxg20). The 2022 Scopus Cite Score for the journal is 22, ranking it second in both Geography, Planning and Development, and in Tourism Leisure and Hospitality Management, respectively.
References:
Baker, A. R. H. (2003). Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. Cambridge University Press: London.
Cohen-Hattab, K. (2004). Historical research and tourism analysis: the case of the tourist-historic city of Jerusalem. Tourism Geographies, 6:3, 279-302. DOI: 10.1080/1461668042000249629
Christou, P. A. (2020). Tourism experiences as the remedy to nostalgia: Conceptualizing the nostalgia and tourism nexus. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(5), 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1548582
Desbiensa, C., & Sepúlvedab, B. (2019). Pekedamkam: frontierism and the unearthing of indigenous landscapes in Val-d'Or, Canada. Journal of Historical Geography, 65:2, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2019.06.006
Hall, Michael C., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22:3, 577-598. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
Hawkins, H. (2019). Geography’s creative (re)turn: Toward a critical framework. Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 963–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518804341
Kaplan, B. A. (2023) Critical Memory Studies: New Approaches. Bloomsbury: London.
Kleshceva, A. (2021). Perception of Dark Tourism. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 13:2, 191-208.
Lambert, D., Martins, L., & Ogborn, M. (2006). Currents, visions and voyages: historical geographies of the sea. Journal of Historical Geography, 32(3), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.004
Little, J. I. (2009). Scenic tourism on the northeastern borderland: Lake Memphremagog’s steamboat excursions and resort hotels, 1850–1900. Journal of Historical Geography, 35:4, 716-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2008.10.001
Little, C., Alexandra, B., Moyle, D. & Patterson, D. (2020). Innovative methods for heritage tourism experiences: Creating windows into the past. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X. 2018.1536709
Lowenthal, D. (1985). The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge University Press.
Mills, S. (2013). Cultural–historical geographies of the archive: fragments, objects and ghosts. Geography compass, 7(10), 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12071
Müller, D. K. (2019). A Research Agenda for Tourism Geographies. Elgar.
Naylor, S. (2005). Introduction: historical geographies of science–places, contexts, cartographies. The British Journal for the History of Science, 38(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087404006430
Naylor, S. (2008). Historical geography: geographies and historiographies. Progress in Human Geography, 32(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507082591
Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: les lieux de Memoire. Representations, 26, 7-24.
Ghazi-Walid., F. (2022) Geographies of Silence: The ‘Missing Chain’ in the Writing of Palestine’s Historical Geography. Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, October 21, 2, 127-150.
Phung D., & Thi K. (2021). Tourism imaginaries and the selective perception of visitors: Postcolonial heritage in Con Dao Islands, Vietnam. Island Studies Journal. 16:1, 249-270.
Quilley, G. (2014) Introduction: mapping the art of travel and exploration. Journal of Historical Geography, 2-8.
Read, P. (2004). A Haunted Land No Longer? Changing Relationships to a Spirtualised Australia. NSW: History Council of New South Wales, 2004.
Sheller, M. (2021) Reconstructing tourism in the Caribbean: connecting pandemic recovery, climate resilience and sustainable tourism through mobility justice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29:9, 1436-1449. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1791141
Smith, L. (2006). Uses of Heritage, Routledge, Milton Park.
Timothy, D. J. (2012). Historical geographies of tourism. In The Routledge handbook of tourism geographies Routledge, 172-177.
Van Sant, L. et al. (2020) Historical geographies of, and for, the present. Progress in Human Geography. Vol. 44:1, 168–188. DOI: 10.1177/0309132518799595
Walter, P. (2023) Settler colonialism and the violent geographies of tourism in the California redwoods, Tourism Geographies, 25:1, 243-264. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1867888
Więckowski, M. (2023) How border tripoints offer opportunities for transboundary tourism development, Tourism Geographies, 25:1, 310-333. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2021.1878268
Baker, A. R. H. (2003). Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. Cambridge University Press: London.
Cohen-Hattab, K. (2004). Historical research and tourism analysis: the case of the tourist-historic city of Jerusalem. Tourism Geographies, 6:3, 279-302. DOI: 10.1080/1461668042000249629
Christou, P. A. (2020). Tourism experiences as the remedy to nostalgia: Conceptualizing the nostalgia and tourism nexus. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(5), 612–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1548582
Desbiensa, C., & Sepúlvedab, B. (2019). Pekedamkam: frontierism and the unearthing of indigenous landscapes in Val-d'Or, Canada. Journal of Historical Geography, 65:2, 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2019.06.006
Hall, Michael C., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22:3, 577-598. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
Hawkins, H. (2019). Geography’s creative (re)turn: Toward a critical framework. Progress in Human Geography, 43(6), 963–984. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132518804341
Kaplan, B. A. (2023) Critical Memory Studies: New Approaches. Bloomsbury: London.
Kleshceva, A. (2021). Perception of Dark Tourism. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. 13:2, 191-208.
Lambert, D., Martins, L., & Ogborn, M. (2006). Currents, visions and voyages: historical geographies of the sea. Journal of Historical Geography, 32(3), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.004
Little, J. I. (2009). Scenic tourism on the northeastern borderland: Lake Memphremagog’s steamboat excursions and resort hotels, 1850–1900. Journal of Historical Geography, 35:4, 716-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2008.10.001
Little, C., Alexandra, B., Moyle, D. & Patterson, D. (2020). Innovative methods for heritage tourism experiences: Creating windows into the past. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X. 2018.1536709
Lowenthal, D. (1985). The Past is a Foreign Country. Cambridge University Press.
Mills, S. (2013). Cultural–historical geographies of the archive: fragments, objects and ghosts. Geography compass, 7(10), 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12071
Müller, D. K. (2019). A Research Agenda for Tourism Geographies. Elgar.
Naylor, S. (2005). Introduction: historical geographies of science–places, contexts, cartographies. The British Journal for the History of Science, 38(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087404006430
Naylor, S. (2008). Historical geography: geographies and historiographies. Progress in Human Geography, 32(2), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507082591
Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: les lieux de Memoire. Representations, 26, 7-24.
Ghazi-Walid., F. (2022) Geographies of Silence: The ‘Missing Chain’ in the Writing of Palestine’s Historical Geography. Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, October 21, 2, 127-150.
Phung D., & Thi K. (2021). Tourism imaginaries and the selective perception of visitors: Postcolonial heritage in Con Dao Islands, Vietnam. Island Studies Journal. 16:1, 249-270.
Quilley, G. (2014) Introduction: mapping the art of travel and exploration. Journal of Historical Geography, 2-8.
Read, P. (2004). A Haunted Land No Longer? Changing Relationships to a Spirtualised Australia. NSW: History Council of New South Wales, 2004.
Sheller, M. (2021) Reconstructing tourism in the Caribbean: connecting pandemic recovery, climate resilience and sustainable tourism through mobility justice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29:9, 1436-1449. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1791141
Smith, L. (2006). Uses of Heritage, Routledge, Milton Park.
Timothy, D. J. (2012). Historical geographies of tourism. In The Routledge handbook of tourism geographies Routledge, 172-177.
Van Sant, L. et al. (2020) Historical geographies of, and for, the present. Progress in Human Geography. Vol. 44:1, 168–188. DOI: 10.1177/0309132518799595
Walter, P. (2023) Settler colonialism and the violent geographies of tourism in the California redwoods, Tourism Geographies, 25:1, 243-264. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1867888
Więckowski, M. (2023) How border tripoints offer opportunities for transboundary tourism development, Tourism Geographies, 25:1, 310-333. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2021.1878268