Tourism Geographies Special Issue
Call for Papers
Geopolitics and Tourism:
Mobility, Power and Place
Introduction
Chinese tourists offboarding cruise ships to gather around the five-starred red flag and sing March of the Volunteers conjures political allegiance to the Chinese Communist Party. Billionaires Jeff Bezos, Elon Musk and Richard Branson compete to normalize space tourism for the world’s elite just as the United States military has founded the world’s first independent space force. The COVID-19 pandemic introduced ‘vaccine geopolitics’ initiating a series of new geopolitical tourism performances. The European Union’s decision to ‘open up’ to cross-border travel in the summer of 2021 is in part meant to revitalize European identity during a time of significant disruption over what it means to belong to a regional bloc. Australia and New Zealand will remain indefinitely ‘closed’ to most international travelers, drawing criticism from the international tourism industry and cheers in their respective domestic polling numbers. Globally, vaccine passports promise international travel and the formation of new connections between the airline industry and immigration offices. These recent shifts in how we understand tourism, such as the growing influence of Chinese tourists, space travel, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic contribute to intensified interest among geographers and lend new urgency in accounting for the geopolitical role of tourism (Bhandari 2019; Bennett and Iaquinto 2021; Gillen and Mostafanezhad 2019; Gutbertlet 2019; Huang and Suliman 2020; Miller and Del Casino Jr 2020; Mostafanezhad et al. 2021; Mostafanezhad et al. 2020; Rowen 2019; Seyfi et al. 2020). Tourism geography—it seems—is in the midst of a “geopolitical turn” as the industry and its encounters are increasingly involved in “securitization, territorialization, migration, statecraft and nation-building” (Mostafanezhad, 2018: 343). |
While tourism focused geographers have addressed the role of tourists in territorial claims, nation-state conflict and cross-border dynamics at both macro and micro levels (Bennett & Iaquinto, 2021; Gillen and Mostafanezhad 2019; Hannam 2013; Zhang and Kwong 2017), too often tourism is positioned as peripheral or supplementary to broader geopolitical entanglements. We seek papers that remedy this concern by offering new conceptualizations of tourism that are geopolitical in nature. This refers to tourism activities and imaginations that are infused with a geopolitical dimension, such as patriotic tourism or conflict zone tourism. Papers that address how tourism shapes geopolitics are also welcome, such as research that showcases how tourism is embedded in geopolitical relationship building—from diplomatic meetings to vaccine donations and from ‘privileged travel status’ to visa waivers. In sum, we are interested in work that illustrates how the geopolitics of tourism operates at multiple scales of analysis, from the extraordinary to the mundane, and from the global to the regional and the everyday.
The goals of this Special Issue are twofold: first, Tourism and Geopolitics positions tourism and geopolitics as inextricable. In doing so, the Special Issue will push scholarship at the intersection of tourism and geopolitics into new theoretical and empirical frontiers by advancing critical geopolitics in its accounting of the extraordinary and everyday encounters of tourism. Second, the Special Issue will contribute to new understandings of critical geopolitics by locating tourism firmly within geopolitical discourse and practice, and deepening the integration of tourism studies with the broader field of political geography. The intended audience of the Special Issue includes (i) geographers working on geopolitics beyond the area of tourism; (ii) tourism researchers and practitioners working in areas outside geopolitics; and (iii) scholars of tourism geopolitics who want to keep up to date with the field.
Integrating tourism and geopolitics
Critical geopolitics is an approach influenced by postcolonial and post-structural theories (Agnew 1998; Dalby 1991; Ó Tuathail 1996) that critique the masculinist, elitist, state-centric classical geopolitical framings of conflict between nation states as the so-called ‘natural’ order of things (Flint 2017) based on topographical features (Sharp 2020). Rather, its scholars highlight how geopolitics helps to produce the world it claims to objectively describe (Ó Tuathail & Dalby 1998). Geopolitics is not distinct from statecraft but is part of the various representational and material spatial practices comprising it (Ó Tuathail & Dalby, 1998). For instance, to describe a foreign policy is to practice geopolitics and thus normalize certain views of the world (Sharp 2020). In other words, ‘understanding the political world depends to a great extent on how we define that world in the first place’ (Dodds 2016, 27)
Gearóid Ó Tuathail (1996) distinguishes between formal (think tanks), practical (foreign policy), and popular (everyday life) geopolitical practices. While tourism reflects classical geopolitical concerns such as inter-state competition, sovereignty, border protection and terrorism (Flint 2017; Massaro & Williams 2013), a critical geopolitical approach demonstrates how geopolitics is not exclusively played out at the level of nation-states but also manifests at multiple scales (Sharp 2020). Today, tourism geographers highlight how geopolitics emerges at the level of the everyday in host-guest relations (Gillen and Mostafanezhad 2019; Zhang and Kwong 2017) as well as in contests between rival powers (Hannam, 2013; Rowen, 2016).
Recently, the concept of “tourism geopolitics” has sought to explain the imaginaries, affects and infrastructures of tourism and politics (Mostafanezhad et al, 2021). The concept highlights how tourists’ geographic imaginations are reshaped through encounters with new people and places as well as how tourism is enrolled into geopolitical concerns such as health security, state-building, and global climate change. The geopolitical registers of tourism are enacted through a range of assemblage components such as colonial hotels, selfie sticks, airline safety videos, and souvenir magnets. They are also deeply embedded in the more extraordinary events of Brexit, the Cold War, the US military-industrial complex and territorial disputes in the South China Sea (Andrews 2021; Hall 2017; Mostafanezhad 2019; Rowen, 2018; Weaver 2011).
This scholarship demonstrates how tourism is a social, cultural, political, and spatial practice that has the capacity to reorder socio-spatial relations, imaginations, and narratives about the past, present and future of a place (Córdoba Azcárate, 2020). In this vein, scholars have taken up the call to engage with critical geopolitics to attend to its material and symbolic effects upon public and private space, popular culture, bodies, and identity politics (Dittmer & Bos 2019; Gillen & Mostafanezhad 2019; Pain & Stahaeli 2014). Tourism geopolitics engages with not only how we “talk, do and exercise geopolitics through tourism practices, but also how we bend, or suffer power in and across geographic scales” (Córdoba Azcárate et al, 2021: 2).
While geopolitics and tourism have traditionally been defined separately, we seek papers that begin with the premise that geopolitics and tourism are inseparably linked. Scholars of Geography and related disciplines are well positioned to contribute to this shift in thinking because their work has led initial debates in this conceptual space and geography has historically significant roles in developing both geopolitics and tourism. Beyond showcasing how tourism is influenced by political decision-making, papers in this issue should take the relationship further by foregrounding the geopolitics of tourism in the most important of global debates such as national identity, global capitalism, international diplomacy, human rights, democracy, war and violence, climate change, peace-building initiatives, pro-poor development, trans-boundary park creation, travel sanctions or foreign policy. Beyond case studies, we seek papers that advance critical geopolitical theories of tourism through primary, grounded research.
The goals of this Special Issue are twofold: first, Tourism and Geopolitics positions tourism and geopolitics as inextricable. In doing so, the Special Issue will push scholarship at the intersection of tourism and geopolitics into new theoretical and empirical frontiers by advancing critical geopolitics in its accounting of the extraordinary and everyday encounters of tourism. Second, the Special Issue will contribute to new understandings of critical geopolitics by locating tourism firmly within geopolitical discourse and practice, and deepening the integration of tourism studies with the broader field of political geography. The intended audience of the Special Issue includes (i) geographers working on geopolitics beyond the area of tourism; (ii) tourism researchers and practitioners working in areas outside geopolitics; and (iii) scholars of tourism geopolitics who want to keep up to date with the field.
Integrating tourism and geopolitics
Critical geopolitics is an approach influenced by postcolonial and post-structural theories (Agnew 1998; Dalby 1991; Ó Tuathail 1996) that critique the masculinist, elitist, state-centric classical geopolitical framings of conflict between nation states as the so-called ‘natural’ order of things (Flint 2017) based on topographical features (Sharp 2020). Rather, its scholars highlight how geopolitics helps to produce the world it claims to objectively describe (Ó Tuathail & Dalby 1998). Geopolitics is not distinct from statecraft but is part of the various representational and material spatial practices comprising it (Ó Tuathail & Dalby, 1998). For instance, to describe a foreign policy is to practice geopolitics and thus normalize certain views of the world (Sharp 2020). In other words, ‘understanding the political world depends to a great extent on how we define that world in the first place’ (Dodds 2016, 27)
Gearóid Ó Tuathail (1996) distinguishes between formal (think tanks), practical (foreign policy), and popular (everyday life) geopolitical practices. While tourism reflects classical geopolitical concerns such as inter-state competition, sovereignty, border protection and terrorism (Flint 2017; Massaro & Williams 2013), a critical geopolitical approach demonstrates how geopolitics is not exclusively played out at the level of nation-states but also manifests at multiple scales (Sharp 2020). Today, tourism geographers highlight how geopolitics emerges at the level of the everyday in host-guest relations (Gillen and Mostafanezhad 2019; Zhang and Kwong 2017) as well as in contests between rival powers (Hannam, 2013; Rowen, 2016).
Recently, the concept of “tourism geopolitics” has sought to explain the imaginaries, affects and infrastructures of tourism and politics (Mostafanezhad et al, 2021). The concept highlights how tourists’ geographic imaginations are reshaped through encounters with new people and places as well as how tourism is enrolled into geopolitical concerns such as health security, state-building, and global climate change. The geopolitical registers of tourism are enacted through a range of assemblage components such as colonial hotels, selfie sticks, airline safety videos, and souvenir magnets. They are also deeply embedded in the more extraordinary events of Brexit, the Cold War, the US military-industrial complex and territorial disputes in the South China Sea (Andrews 2021; Hall 2017; Mostafanezhad 2019; Rowen, 2018; Weaver 2011).
This scholarship demonstrates how tourism is a social, cultural, political, and spatial practice that has the capacity to reorder socio-spatial relations, imaginations, and narratives about the past, present and future of a place (Córdoba Azcárate, 2020). In this vein, scholars have taken up the call to engage with critical geopolitics to attend to its material and symbolic effects upon public and private space, popular culture, bodies, and identity politics (Dittmer & Bos 2019; Gillen & Mostafanezhad 2019; Pain & Stahaeli 2014). Tourism geopolitics engages with not only how we “talk, do and exercise geopolitics through tourism practices, but also how we bend, or suffer power in and across geographic scales” (Córdoba Azcárate et al, 2021: 2).
While geopolitics and tourism have traditionally been defined separately, we seek papers that begin with the premise that geopolitics and tourism are inseparably linked. Scholars of Geography and related disciplines are well positioned to contribute to this shift in thinking because their work has led initial debates in this conceptual space and geography has historically significant roles in developing both geopolitics and tourism. Beyond showcasing how tourism is influenced by political decision-making, papers in this issue should take the relationship further by foregrounding the geopolitics of tourism in the most important of global debates such as national identity, global capitalism, international diplomacy, human rights, democracy, war and violence, climate change, peace-building initiatives, pro-poor development, trans-boundary park creation, travel sanctions or foreign policy. Beyond case studies, we seek papers that advance critical geopolitical theories of tourism through primary, grounded research.
Potential paper topics may, among others, include:
-Museums and the State -History and Memory -Migration and Tourism -(In)Security and Tourism -Health Security -Territorialization -Disrupted Sovereignties -Tourism Frontiers -Tourism and State-Building -Climate Change -Terrorism and Conflict -Geopolitical Ecologies -Heritage Making -National Identity -Modern Slavery -Sovereignty Contestations -Gendered Nationalisms -(Post-) Colonial Tourism -Transnationalism Tourism Space -Neoliberalism -War and Peace -Human Rights -Migration and Tourism -National Embodiment -Biopolitics and State-Building -Emotional Geopolitics -Embodied Geopolitics -Popular Geopolitics -Environmental Geopolitics -Performance and the State -Ocean Geopolitics -Extraterrestrial Geopolitics -Tourism and Borders |
If you are interested in contributing to this Special Issue on Tourism and Geopolitics in Tourism Geographies, please send a 250-300 word abstract to Jamie Gillen (jamie.gillen@auckland.ac.nz), Benjamin Lucca Iaquinto (iaquinto@hku.hk) and Mary Mostafanezhad (mostafan@hawaii.edu) by September 15, 2021. Authors invited to submit a full length paper will be notified by October 1, 2021.
Tentative Timeline
Abstracts Due: September 15, 2021
Authors notified of selection: October 1, 2021
Full papers due: July 1, 2022
Publication: late 2023/early 2024
Abstracts Due: September 15, 2021
Authors notified of selection: October 1, 2021
Full papers due: July 1, 2022
Publication: late 2023/early 2024
Guest Editors
Jamie Gillen is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Cultures, Languages and Linguistics at the University of Auckland. He is a geographer researching cultural politics, urbanization, and societal changes in mainland Southeast Asia, and in particular in Vietnam. He has published on the geopolitics of tourism in Annals of Tourism Research and Cultural Geographies, and a number of book chapters.
Benjamin Lucca Iaquinto is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong. He is a tourism geographer with research interests in mobilities and sustainable tourism. His research has appeared in Tourism Geographies and he has published on the geopolitics of Chinese Arctic tourism in Territory, Politics, Governance.
Mary Mostafanezhad is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. She is a leading scholar on tourism geopolitics, a major contributor to tourism geographies and co-editor of the journal Tourism Geographies.
Jamie Gillen is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Cultures, Languages and Linguistics at the University of Auckland. He is a geographer researching cultural politics, urbanization, and societal changes in mainland Southeast Asia, and in particular in Vietnam. He has published on the geopolitics of tourism in Annals of Tourism Research and Cultural Geographies, and a number of book chapters.
Benjamin Lucca Iaquinto is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong. He is a tourism geographer with research interests in mobilities and sustainable tourism. His research has appeared in Tourism Geographies and he has published on the geopolitics of Chinese Arctic tourism in Territory, Politics, Governance.
Mary Mostafanezhad is an Associate Professor in the Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. She is a leading scholar on tourism geopolitics, a major contributor to tourism geographies and co-editor of the journal Tourism Geographies.
References
Agnew, J. (1998). Geopolitics: re-visioning world politics. Oxon: Routledge.
Andrews, H. (Ed.) (2021). Tourism and Brexit: Travel, Borders and Identity. Bristol: Channel View.
Bennett, M. M., & Iaquinto, B. L. (2021). The geopolitics of China’s Arctic tourism resources. Territory, Politics, Governance, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2021.1887755
Bhandari, K. (2019). Tourism and the geopolitics of Buddhist heritage in Nepal. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.006
Córdoba Azcárate, M. (2020). Stuck with Tourism: Space, Power, and Labor in Contemporary Yucatan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Córdoba Azcárate, M., Mostafanezhad, M. & Norum, R. (2021). Introduction: Tourism Geopolitics. In Tourism Geopolitics: Assemblages of Infrastructure, Affect, and Imagination. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Dalby, S. (1991). Critical geopolitics: Discourse, difference, and dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9(3), 261–283.
Dittmer, J. & Bos, D. (2019). Popular Culture, Geopolitics, and Identity. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dodds, K. (2016). Global Geopolitics: A critical introduction. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Flint, C. (2017). Introduction to Geopolitics. Oxon: Routledge.
Gillen, J., & Mostafanezhad, M. (2019). Geopolitical encounters of tourism: A conceptual approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.015
Gutberlet, M. (forthcoming). Geopolitical imaginaries and Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in the desert, Tourism Geographies, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2018.1545250
Hall, D. (2017). Tourism in the Geopolitical Construction of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). In D. Hall (Ed.). Tourism and Geopolitics: Issues and Concepts from Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 25-35). Oxfordshire: CABI.
Hannam, K. (2013). “Shangri-La” and the New “Great Game”: Exploring Tourism Geopolitics Between China and India. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.789655
Huang, Y., & Suliman, S. (2020). Geopolitics, (Re)territorialisation, and China’s Patriotic Tourism in the South China Sea. Geopolitics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1784144
Massaro, V. A., & Williams, J. (2013). Feminist Geopolitics: Redefining the Geopolitical, Complicating (In)Security. Geography Compass, 7(8), 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12054
Miller, J. C., & Casino, V. D. (2020). Spectacle, tourism and the performance of everyday geopolitics. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 38(7–8), 1412–1428. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654420930722
Mostafanezhad, M. (2018). The geopolitical turn in tourism geographies. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), 343–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1434820
Mostafanezhad, M. (2020). Tourism frontiers: Primitive accumulation, and the “Free Gifts” of (Human) nature in the South China Sea and Myanmar. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(2), 434–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12357
Mostafanezhad, M., Cheer, J. M., & Sin, H. L. (2020). Geopolitical anxieties of tourism: (Im)mobilities of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934206
Mostafanezhad, M., Córdoba Azcárate, M. & Norum, R. (Eds.) (2021). Tourism Geopolitics: Assemblages of Infrastructure, Affect, and Imagination. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Ó Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical geopolitics: the politics of writing global space. London: Routledge.
Ó Tuathail, G, & Dalby, S. (1998) Introduction: Rethinking geopolitics: towards a critical geopolitics. In G. Ó Tuathail & S. Dalby (Eds.). Rethinking Geopolitics (pp. 1-15). London: Routledge.
Pain, R., & Staeheli, L. (2014). Introduction: Intimacy-geopolitics and violence: Introduction: intimacy-geopolitics and violence. Area, 46(4), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12138
Rowen, I. (2016). The geopolitics of tourism: Mobilities, territory, and protest in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(2), 385-393.
Rowen, I. (2018). Tourism as a territorial strategy in the South China Sea. In Enterprises, localities, people, and policy in the South China Sea (pp. 61-74). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Rowen, I. (2019). Tourism studies is a geopolitical instrument: Conferences, Confucius Institutes, and ‘the Chinese Dream.’ Tourism Geographies, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1666912
Seyfi, S., C. M. Hall & B. Shabani (2020). COVID-19 and international travel restrictions: the geopolitics of health and tourism, Tourism Geographies, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1833972
Sharp, J. (2020). Critical Geopolitics. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 45–49). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10457-3
Weaver, A. (2011). Tourism and the military. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.005
Zhang, J. J., & Kwong, Y. M. (2017). Reconceptualising host-guest relations at border towns. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.06.007
Agnew, J. (1998). Geopolitics: re-visioning world politics. Oxon: Routledge.
Andrews, H. (Ed.) (2021). Tourism and Brexit: Travel, Borders and Identity. Bristol: Channel View.
Bennett, M. M., & Iaquinto, B. L. (2021). The geopolitics of China’s Arctic tourism resources. Territory, Politics, Governance, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2021.1887755
Bhandari, K. (2019). Tourism and the geopolitics of Buddhist heritage in Nepal. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.006
Córdoba Azcárate, M. (2020). Stuck with Tourism: Space, Power, and Labor in Contemporary Yucatan. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Córdoba Azcárate, M., Mostafanezhad, M. & Norum, R. (2021). Introduction: Tourism Geopolitics. In Tourism Geopolitics: Assemblages of Infrastructure, Affect, and Imagination. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Dalby, S. (1991). Critical geopolitics: Discourse, difference, and dissent. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 9(3), 261–283.
Dittmer, J. & Bos, D. (2019). Popular Culture, Geopolitics, and Identity. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Dodds, K. (2016). Global Geopolitics: A critical introduction. Oxfordshire: Routledge.
Flint, C. (2017). Introduction to Geopolitics. Oxon: Routledge.
Gillen, J., & Mostafanezhad, M. (2019). Geopolitical encounters of tourism: A conceptual approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.015
Gutberlet, M. (forthcoming). Geopolitical imaginaries and Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) in the desert, Tourism Geographies, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2018.1545250
Hall, D. (2017). Tourism in the Geopolitical Construction of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). In D. Hall (Ed.). Tourism and Geopolitics: Issues and Concepts from Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 25-35). Oxfordshire: CABI.
Hannam, K. (2013). “Shangri-La” and the New “Great Game”: Exploring Tourism Geopolitics Between China and India. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(2), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2013.789655
Huang, Y., & Suliman, S. (2020). Geopolitics, (Re)territorialisation, and China’s Patriotic Tourism in the South China Sea. Geopolitics, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1784144
Massaro, V. A., & Williams, J. (2013). Feminist Geopolitics: Redefining the Geopolitical, Complicating (In)Security. Geography Compass, 7(8), 567–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12054
Miller, J. C., & Casino, V. D. (2020). Spectacle, tourism and the performance of everyday geopolitics. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 38(7–8), 1412–1428. https://doi.org/10.1177/2399654420930722
Mostafanezhad, M. (2018). The geopolitical turn in tourism geographies. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), 343–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2018.1434820
Mostafanezhad, M. (2020). Tourism frontiers: Primitive accumulation, and the “Free Gifts” of (Human) nature in the South China Sea and Myanmar. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 45(2), 434–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12357
Mostafanezhad, M., Cheer, J. M., & Sin, H. L. (2020). Geopolitical anxieties of tourism: (Im)mobilities of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dialogues in Human Geography, 10(2), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820620934206
Mostafanezhad, M., Córdoba Azcárate, M. & Norum, R. (Eds.) (2021). Tourism Geopolitics: Assemblages of Infrastructure, Affect, and Imagination. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
Ó Tuathail, G. (1996). Critical geopolitics: the politics of writing global space. London: Routledge.
Ó Tuathail, G, & Dalby, S. (1998) Introduction: Rethinking geopolitics: towards a critical geopolitics. In G. Ó Tuathail & S. Dalby (Eds.). Rethinking Geopolitics (pp. 1-15). London: Routledge.
Pain, R., & Staeheli, L. (2014). Introduction: Intimacy-geopolitics and violence: Introduction: intimacy-geopolitics and violence. Area, 46(4), 344–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12138
Rowen, I. (2016). The geopolitics of tourism: Mobilities, territory, and protest in China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 106(2), 385-393.
Rowen, I. (2018). Tourism as a territorial strategy in the South China Sea. In Enterprises, localities, people, and policy in the South China Sea (pp. 61-74). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Rowen, I. (2019). Tourism studies is a geopolitical instrument: Conferences, Confucius Institutes, and ‘the Chinese Dream.’ Tourism Geographies, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1666912
Seyfi, S., C. M. Hall & B. Shabani (2020). COVID-19 and international travel restrictions: the geopolitics of health and tourism, Tourism Geographies, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1833972
Sharp, J. (2020). Critical Geopolitics. In International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (pp. 45–49). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10457-3
Weaver, A. (2011). Tourism and the military. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 672–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.005
Zhang, J. J., & Kwong, Y. M. (2017). Reconceptualising host-guest relations at border towns. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 196–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.06.007